Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2013, 2(1):55-62. Fundamental scientific aspects of lithium batteries(I)-Thermodynamic calculations of theoretical energy densities of chemical energy storage systems. Technology progress of cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. Effects of Al substitution for Ni and Mn on the electrochemical properties of LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5O 4. Development and challenges of LiFePO 4 cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. Key words: lithium ion battery, cathode material, energy density, electrochemical performance This paper summarizes recent progress in cathode materials from the prospects of enhancing the specific capacity and the working voltage, and mainly focuses on design and preparation of meso-scale structured nickel-rich and lithium-rich layered oxide and spinel oxide cathode materials with tunable electrochemical performances. Nowadays, cathode materials of high energy density with lower production cost and high safety for lithium-ion batteries has been of great significance. Cathode materials play a key role in lithium ion batteries and their improvements are crucial for enhancing energy density of lithium ion batteries. The process can be used for all types of cathode materials, not just Ni-rich NMC.With the miniaturization and lighting of the portable electronic products, and the rapid development of electric vehicles and grid energy storage devices, lithium ion batteries with higher energy density and higher performances are increasingly demanded. The approach paves the way for advanced battery cathodes, such as those needed for electric cars. The fusing of the lithium phosphate and Ni-rich cathode materials also prevents the undesirable thermal reactions in traditional materials. Furthermore, the materials retain more than 90 percent of their high capacity after 200 charge/discharge cycles at room temperature, a 15 percent increase over traditional materials. These lithium-infused materials have high energy density and improved discharge capacity, increasing structural integrity without observable cracking. The patented PNNL approach binds the lithium phosphate to the NMC material under high temperatures in a few hours, joining the boundaries of the small primary particles in the vicinity by a solid electrolyte that prevents strain and cracking. Conventional methods merely coat the surface of the cathodes with lithium phosphate or other materials, like icing on a cake, protecting the materials but not strengthening them. The key is the infusion of lithium phosphate into the Ni-rich NMC cathode materials. Researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory have developed a novel process to synthesize cathode materials that could help batteries-such as those needed for electric cars-last longer and perform better. No approach has adequately addressed these challenges, until now. Cracks degrade structural integrity, and aggressive thermal reactions raise safety concerns. Unfortunately, challenges hinder the use of these Ni-rich materials. Ni-rich NMC cathodes boast high discharge capacity and improved energy density compared to traditional lithium-cobalt-oxygen materials (LiCoO 2). Nickel (Ni)-rich layered cathode materials-such as composites of Ni, lithium, manganese, cobalt, and oxygen, commonly called Ni-rich NMC (LiNi 1-x-yM xCo yO 2, 1 – x – y ≥ 0.6)-hold promise for high-energy batteries. PNNL-Sequim (Marine and Coastal Research).Interdiction Technology and Integration Laboratory.Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory.Electricity Infrastructure Operations Center.Atmospheric Radiation Measurement User Facility.Linus Pauling Distinguished Postdoctoral Fellowship.Distinguished Graduate Research Programs.Hydropower Cybersecurity and Digitalization.Environmental Performance of Hydropower.Marine Energy Resource Characterization.Environmental Monitoring for Marine Energy.Grid Integration, Controls, and Architecture.Energy Efficient Technology Integration.Mass Spectrometry-Based Measurement Technologies.
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